The cyclic rise and fall in population size

The cyclic rise and fall in population size that has been observed in animal and pre-modern human populations reflects sequential phases of population growth and decline.  Disregarding the possible selective influences of migration, these cyclic movements must ultimately be accounted for in terms of the range of variation in fertility and mortality.

No downward trend in mortality is apparent in any country before the middle of the eighteenth century, about the same time that population growth began to demonstrate an exponential curve. The initial period of sustained population growth in nearly every country for which reliable data are available corresponds with at least two decisive changes in the death rate. First, the fluctuations in mortality became less frequent and less drastic. Second, the initial, slow--sometimes imperceptible--decline in mortality gradually gained momentum and eventually stabilized at relatively low levels in the twentieth century. Thus, steady increases in life expectancy, progressively diminishing death rates and more stable and predictable mortality patterns have accompanied the persistent increments in world population.

In England and Wales, Japan, Ceylon and Chile an exponential pattern of population growth has accompanied the downward trend in mortality. In England and Wales, where the transition from high to low vital rates occurred over two centuries, the exponential growth curve was attenuated only after fertility fell and approached the low level of mortality; this pattern was less apparent for Japan, where an accelerated transition occurred over several decades. Although data concerning the relative effects of mortality and fertility on population growth are incomplete for the early transitional period, it seems likely that a significant though temporary increase in fertility may have added momentum to the population explosion set off by steady improvements in survivorship. The influence of fertility is particularly apparent in the rapid population growth of currently developing nations that have not yet completed their transitions, for example, Chile and Ceylon. In most of these developing countries, the death rate has declined rapidly in recent years, especially since World War II, and the birth rate has remained high with minor fluctuations. This sudden widening of the demographic gap has produced unprecedented high rates of population growth.

1.  Which of the following best describes the content of the passage?

(A) A discussion of how recently developed methods of monitoring population growth differ from older methods
(B) A description of some of the factors effecting cyclic changes in population  
(C) A chronology of the development of different methods for monitoring population growth
(D) A proposal for improving the accuracy of current methods to monitor fluctuations in population
(E) An argument concerning the nature of the exponential pattern of population growth has accompanied the downward trend in mortality  

The best answer is B.  (A) is incorrect because no recently developed methods are mentioned in the passage.  (C) is wrong because the information given is not chronological.  (D) and (E) are incorrect because the passage neither proposes nor argues anything.  

2.  According to the passage, the fertility rate

(A) in Japan has remained constant over the last several decades  
(B) in England and Wales has remained constant over the last two centuries
(C) fell at a similar rate in England, Wales and Japan
(D) fell at a faster rate in Japan than in England and Wales
(E) fell at a slower rate in Japan than in England and Wales

The best answer is D.  According to the passage the transition from a high fertility rate to a low one occurred over two centuries in England and Wales.  The fertility fell in Japan over a period of several decades.  

3. According to the passage, population increase in currently developing nations is a result of

(A) the recent decline in death rate, especially over the last 50 years, and a birth rate that is consistently high with minor fluctuations.
(B) the recent decline in birth rate, especially over the last 50 years, and a death rate that is consistently high with minor fluctuations.
(C) the recent decline in death rate, especially over the last 150 years, and a birth rate that is  consistently high with minor fluctuations.
(D)  the recent decline in birth rate, especially over the last 150 years, and a death rate that is consistently high with minor fluctuations.
(E) the recent rise in death rate, especially over the last 50 years, accompanied by a similar rise in birth rate.

The best answer is A.  According to the passage, the death rate in currently developing nations has declined rapidly since World War II, while the birth rate has remained high with minor fluctuations.

4.  It can be inferred from the passage that the first downward mortality trend

(A) followed great fluctuations in fertility rates
(B) followed great fluctuations in death rates
(C) appeared after World War II
(D) appeared before World War II
(E) appeared around 1750
 
The best answer is E.  According to the passage, no downward trend in mortality was noticeable before the middle of the eighteenth century.